The rapid expansion of artificial intelligence is driving major investment in data center infrastructure, while also prompting communities to take a more active role in shaping how these facilities are planned.
A new study by Data & Society, based on 18 months of fieldwork and interviews with 44 residents in Pennsylvania, explores why large-scale data center projects are generating such broad public engagement. Rather than measuring technical impacts, the research examines how people experience the changes associated with AI-led development in their towns and regions.
Infrastructure Meets Local Priorities
Data centers are central to training and operating advanced AI systems, and companies have outlined extensive plans to expand computing capacity. At the same time, residents are asking detailed questions about energy demand, water resources, local planning processes and the long-term economic value these projects can create.
The report finds that concerns do not fit into a single political or social category. Participants included technology skeptics, environmental advocates, local development critics and residents focused on household costs or property values. This range of perspectives reflects a growing expectation that AI infrastructure should be developed with transparent communication and meaningful community participation.
Pennsylvania's industrial history also shapes these discussions. Previous eras of coal, oil, steel and energy development have given many communities experience in evaluating the promises and trade-offs of major infrastructure projects. As a result, residents are increasingly focused on how new facilities align with local needs and long-term regional goals.
A New Standard for AI Development
Data center projects can bring construction activity, technical investment and opportunities for skilled labor. Labor organizations have shown particular interest in the employment potential linked to building and maintaining these facilities, even as operational staffing levels may remain limited after construction is complete.
The research suggests that the future of AI infrastructure will depend not only on computing power, but also on public trust, accessible planning processes and clear commitments around local benefits. Communities are seeking a stronger voice in decisions that could reshape their energy systems and local economies.
As AI becomes more embedded in daily life, collaborative infrastructure planning could help create a more resilient, transparent and community-focused digital future.
